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<title>Mac OS nanokernel</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac OS nanokernel</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Mac OS nanokernel</b> is an <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> that serves as the basis of most <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> based system software versions 7 through 9 of the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, predating <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>.

</p><p>The initial revision of this software is a single tasking system which delegates most tasks to an <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> running the <a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a> (68k) version of the operating system. The second major revision supports <a href="Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a>, <a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a>, and <a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a>, and would be more properly called a <a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>. Unlike the 68k-derived Mac OS kernel running within it, the PowerPC kernel exists in a <a href="Protected_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected memory">protected memory</a> space and executes <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> in <a href="User_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User mode">user mode</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernel</a> is very different from the <a href="Copland_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Copland OS">Copland OS</a> microkernel, although they were created in succession with similar goals.<sup id="cite_ref-InsideMacBook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsideMacBook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InsideMacWeb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsideMacWeb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RunningCFM-68k_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunningCFM-68k-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_7.1.2_–_Mac_OS_8.5.1">System 7.1.2 – Mac OS 8.5.1</h2></div>

<p>The original <a href="Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernel</a>, and the tightly integrated <a href="Mac_68k_emulator" title="Mac 68k emulator">Mac 68k emulator</a>, were written by <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation</a> consultant Gary Davidian.<sup id="cite_ref-RoadPowerMac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoadPowerMac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main purpose is to allow the existing <a href="Motorola_68k" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68k">Motorola 68k</a> version of the operating system to run on new hardware. As such, the normal state of the system is to be running 68k code. The operating system does little until activated by an <a href="Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a>, which is quickly mapped to its 68k equivalent within the virtual machine.

</p><p>Other tasks may include switching back to PowerPC mode, if necessary, upon completion of the interrupt handler, and mapping the Macintosh <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> system to the PowerPC hardware. However, as the software is little documented, these might instead be handled by the emulator running in <a href="User_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User mode">user mode</a>.

</p><p>This nanokernel is stored on the Mac OS <a href="Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM chip</a> integrated into <a href="Old_World_ROM" title="Old World ROM">Old World ROM</a> computers, or inside the Mac OS ROM file on disk on the <a href="New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a> computers, rather than being installed in the familiar sense.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interim_development">Interim development</h2></div>

<p>Progress after 1994 demanded additional functionality. A forward-looking architecture was introduced for <a href="Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> card drivers in anticipation of the <a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)"> Copland</a> microkernel called NuKernel, which supports <a href="Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a>. The <a href="Open_Transport" title="Open Transport">Open Transport</a> networking architecture introduced standardized PowerPC synchronization primitives. The <a href="DayStar_Digital" title="DayStar Digital">DayStar Digital</a> Genesis MP <a href="Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone</a> requires kernel extensions to support multiprocessing. This evolution would later affect the overhaul to the nanokernel in Mac OS 8.6.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mac_OS_8.6_and_later">Mac OS 8.6 and later</h2></div>

<p>Mac OS 8.6's nanokernel was rewritten by René A. Vega to add <a href="Multiprocessing_Services" title="Multiprocessing Services">Multiprocessing Services</a> 2.0 support. PowerMacInfo, distributed in the Multiprocessing SDK, is an application that displays statistics about the nanokernel's operation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Inside Macintosh: PowerPC System Software</i>. Apple Technical Library. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 1994. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-201-40727-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29636881">29636881</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-InsideMacWeb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InsideMacWeb_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518110451/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/PPCSoftware/PPCSoftware-2.html"><i>Inside Macintosh: PowerPC System Software</i></a>. Apple Technical Library. Apple Computer, Inc. July 3, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/PPCSoftware/PPCSoftware-2.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-RunningCFM-68k-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RunningCFM-68k_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623121801/http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1084.html">"Technical Note TN1084: Running CFM-68K Code at Interrupt Time: Is Your Code at Risk?"</a>. Apple Computer, Inc. March 27, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1084.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-RoadPowerMac-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoadPowerMac_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Road to Power Macintosh". <i>Macworld</i>. Vol. 11. May 1994.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRené_A._Vega2001" class="citation newsgroup cs1">René A. Vega (October 25, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.sys.mac.programmer.help/fqdq59fxQ1g/uSy4DSDLeJcJ">"PowerMacInfo info"</a>. <a href="Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.sys.mac.programmer.help">comp.sys.mac.programmer.help</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.sys.mac.programmer.help/tO0iuTNETGc/oTwfHPfuqXoJ">René A. Vega's explanation of basic Mac OS architecture</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!topic/comp.sys.mac.programmer.help/3NK-jAdmOqg">supervisor mode</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!topic/comp.sys.mac.programmer.help/tO0iuTNETGc">Question from a non-programmer</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Microkernels-nanokernels667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernels</a>-<a href="Microkernel#Nanokernel" title="Microkernel">nanokernels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Eumel" title="Eumel">Eumel</a></i> → <i><a href="L3_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L3 microkernel">L3</a></i> → <a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="NuKernel" class="mw-redirect" title="NuKernel">NuKernel</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Exec_(Amiga)#ExecSG" title="Exec (Amiga)">ExecSG</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quark_(kernel)" title="Quark (kernel)">Quark</a></li>

<li><i><a href="WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">ADEOS</a></i>°</li>

<li>Little Kernel</li>

<li><i><a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></i>°

<li><i><a href="MicroEmpix" title="MicroEmpix">MicroEmpix</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Green_Hills_Software#Real-time_operating_systems" title="Green Hills Software">µ-velOSity</a>^</li>

<li><i><a href="Spring_(operating_system)#The_nucleus" title="Spring (operating system)">nucleus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="PowerUP_(accelerator)#PowerUP_software" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a></i></li>

<li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>°</li>

<li><a href="TI-RTOS#RTOS_kernel_overview" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS kernel</a>^°</li>

<li><i><a href="Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Lites" title="Lites">Lites</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Meiko_Scientific#MeikOS" title="Meiko Scientific">MeikOS</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>°

<ul><li><a href="Minix-vmd" class="mw-redirect" title="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a>°</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></i>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">Multi-Environment Real-Time</a></i>^ (<i>MERT</i> – <i>Unix-RT</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Redox_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Spring_(operating_system)" title="Spring (operating system)">Spring</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Tinix" title="Tinix">Tinix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>^</i></li>

<li><a href="Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>^°</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></i> → <i><a href="KeyKOS" title="KeyKOS">KeyKOS</a></i> → <i><a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i> → CapROS</li>

<li><i><a href="Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a> (<a href="OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>, <a href="OpenHarmony#Oniro_OS" title="OpenHarmony">Oniro OS</a>)</i> → <i><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L<sup>4</sup>Linux</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Wombat_(operating_system)" title="Wombat (operating system)">Wombat</a>^°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></i> (<i><a href="JavaOS#Chorus/Jazz" title="JavaOS">Chorus/Jazz</a></i>^ integrates <i><a href="ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a></i>^)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unix-like13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mac_OS_8#Mac_OS_8.6" title="Mac OS 8">Classic Mac OS</a></i> (<a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> kernel)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></i> → <i><a href="Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> OS</i>^°</li>

<ul><li><a href="AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>°

<ul><li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#AspireOS" title="AROS Research Operating System">AspireOS</a>°</li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#Broadway" title="AROS Research Operating System">Broadway</a>°</li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#Icaros_Desktop" title="AROS Research Operating System">Icaros Desktop</a>°</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li>

<li><a href="ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a>^°</li>

<li><i><a href="Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Pink</i> → <i><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> OS</i> → <i><a href="Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a></i>°</li>

<li><i><a href="BeRTOS" title="BeRTOS">BeRTOS</a></i>^°</li>

<li><a href="ChibiOS/RT" title="ChibiOS/RT">ChibiOS/RT</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>°</li>

<li><a href="OpenComRTOS" title="OpenComRTOS">OpenComRTOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="SharpOS" title="SharpOS">SharpOS</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Thoth_(operating_system)" title="Thoth (operating system)">Thoth</a></i>^ → <i><a href="Harmony_(operating_system)" title="Harmony (operating system)">Harmony</a></i>^ → <i><a href="V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Versatile_Real-Time_Executive" title="Versatile Real-Time Executive">VRTX</a>^</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a>, <a href="Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">kits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cosmos_(operating_system)" title="Cosmos (operating system)">Cosmos</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a>°</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gordon_Bell_(QNX)" title="Gordon Bell (QNX)">Gordon Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Bushnell" title="Thomas Bushnell">Thomas Bushnell</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Dodge" title="Dan Dodge">Dan Dodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Gernot_Heiser" title="Gernot Heiser">Gernot Heiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Jochen_Liedtke" title="Jochen Liedtke">Jochen Liedtke</a></li>

<li><a href="James_G._Mitchell" title="James G. Mitchell">James G. Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ike_Nassi" title="Ike Nassi">Ike Nassi</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Wulf" title="William Wulf">William Wulf</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li>

<li><b>° = <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category: Microkernel-based operating systems</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category: Microkernels</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mac_OS_nanokernel&oldid=1280000825">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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